Showing posts with label Organic. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Organic. Show all posts

05 August, 2009

Food Foot Print

Assuming that the diet is balanced, yields are average and land is 1k, the calculation of the area of arable land needed per person is as follows:


Item Grams/Day Kgs/Year Yield Land

Wheat 100.00 40.00 400 400
Rice 62.50 25.00 1000 100
Millet 37.50 15.00 600 100
Barley 75.00 30.00 600 200
Veg 62.50 25.00 1000 100
Oil 31.25 12.50 250 200
Sugar 31.25 12.50 500 100
Spices 31.25 12.50 250 200
Fruits 250.00 100.00 667 600

SUM 2000


Notes:
(i) The figures for land is given in sq meters, there are about 4000 sq meters in one acre so the above sum is half acre.

(ii) The sum for all grains is 800 sq m (400 for wheat, 200 for barley, 100 each for rice and millet) but we should take 900 sq m because a substantial amount of grains grown goes in shell, for eg the shell of wheat removed in milling.

(iii) The grains includes barley and millet because they are nitrogen fixing crops.

(iv) Oil is vegetable oil. Since vegetable yield is 1000 kg and oil extraction rate is 25% so 250 kg is its yield.

(v) The above calculations are based on a 400 days diet per year, the extra number of days allow more-than-normal eating in feasts and parties, roughly 10% of the entire year.

(vi) For simplicity straight forward figures about crops directly eaten by humans is given first, the more complex subject of crops grown by humans but eaten by animals and then those animals and their milk consumed by humans is discussed below.

It should be known that per kg mass animals and infact insects and birds too require same number of calories as humans for same level of activities. So a cow which is lactating needs 60 calories per kg per day and which is not lactating needs 40, so average is 50. It should also be noted that for each kg gain in both animals and humans same 7,500 calories are needed. Since about 60% mass of an animals is meat (including bones), therefore 12,500 calories are needed per kg meat at minimum.

Another important point to consider is calories in hay, but first what is hay? Hay is a general term that includes all grass, straw, leaves etc eaten by animals but not all grass, straw and leaves are hay. Fresh grass which have visible moisture on its surface is only 15% dry matter and 85% moisture, fresh grass and leaves with no visible moisture contains 20% to 30% dry matter and rest is moisture, brown grass and leaves contains may be 50% dry matter. The point is, when fresh moisture level is high and when time pass and the green matter becomes brown its moisture level decreases. It should be kept in mind that the energy needed by the animals is only in the dry matter, there is no energy in moisture.

Hay is grass, straw or leaves that has atleast 80% dry matter but dry matter may rise upto 90%. For our calculations we ignore the higher proportion and assume that only 80% of hay by mass is dry matter to be safe. Each gram of dry matter contains 2.5 calories. So the hay as a whole contains 2 calories per gram.

It should be noted that all over this website the term "calorie" actually refers to "kilo calorie" which is equal to 4200 joules and has enough heat energy to raise temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree celsius.

When grain is grown along with it an equal amount of straw is grown. This is the covering substance in which the grain is contained. Note that it is different than the shell of the grains which is still present in the cultivated crop. For example if you buy wheat (not flour) from market the covering shell is still present but the straw was removed at the time of cultivation. The straw is already hay, that is, it already contains 80% by mass dry matter and each gram of it has 2 calories.

For all grass and grass like crops grown with prominent exception of alfalfa, the same 1600 kg hay is grown per acre per year at 1k land. Note that we only are concerned with the mass of hay grown, not the mass of fresh grass etc. The trick is to store it until it lose all the moisture it can, then what is left is hay. It means that usually not more than 10 to 20 percent of moisture is left in grass and grass-like crops and not all the moisture is lost in storage.

In case of leaves, the hay yield is 600 kg per acre per year provided the land is properly covered with trees. By properly I mean the usual number of trees per acre as used to be the norm in traditional (pre-1950) agriculture. In an orchard and also in a forest, that is, in all tree lands, another 200 kg grass hay is also grown per acre per year. Note that the figure 200 came from the natural figure of 400 kg hay yield in natural pastures halved. It is halved because due to the presence of trees only half as much grass can be grown as would be in a tree less pasture. Natural pasture is a tree-less land where grass and grass-like crops are naturally grown without any farming by humans. Note that when humans do farming in a traditional way the yield is already 4 times than what is grown naturally.

Last thing to consider is that after complex calculations and data reviews I came to the conclusion that 2.56 kg hay is the minimum amount of hay needed to produce 1 kg cow milk assuming there is no meat production, but since meat production cannot be avoided as some of the food eaten by cow converts into a calf and the cow itself needed food to grow up when it was a calf and not producing any milk therefore a relation of 3.2 is the minimum practical ratio, meaning 3.2 kg hay results in 1 kg milk and along with it 1/16 kg meat. Note that in case of cows our emphasis is on milk production, not meat production. Also note that since the "meat" produced in this case would not be pure meat but would be containing bones too which are not edible by humans and since in our calculation above we only consider pure meat therefore we actually have to produce more meat-with-bone to have the desired amount of pure meat. In simple words we have to increase the ratio to 3.6. Note that if we make it 4 then milk production would be same but meat production would be 1/8 of milk production.

We want to produce 200 kg milk, half of which that is 100 kg would be drunk directly and rest half would be converted into ghee and butter. To produce 200 kg milk we need 200 x 3.6 = 720 kg hay. In above calculation we account for 110 kg grain production which means 110 kg straw-hay is produced. The straw is supposed to be stored for maximum 6 months so that food is available for our cows in autumn and winter when fresh grass-hay is not available. During storage at maximum 20% of the straw may lose its nutrients therefore we take 80% of that, 0.8 x 110 = 88 kg straw. So, we have 88 kg straw available for our cows.

We keep some land in form of pasture but that is not natural pasture. It is called pasture only because certain grass like crops would be grown on it for our cows. We keep a 1600 sq m patch of land for this purpose. Since per acre yield of grass hay is 1600 kg, therefore 1600 sq m or 0.4 acres produce 640 kg grass-hay.

We add the straw-hay and grass-hay, 88 kg + 640 kg = 728 kg. It is enough to produce 200 kg cow milk and along with it beef and beef-fats. The ratio between milk and hay is 3.6, so 200 kg x 3.6 = 720 kg. Note that about 89% of the cow food is grass or grass-like crops so unlike western industrial farming we don't feed grains to the cows which their stomach are not made for.

We also have an orchard whose size is 600 sq m. Since the per acre yield of orchard hay is 800 kg, from 600 sq m we can get 120 kg hay. Note that this is fed only to goats to have mutton and mutton-fats. Along with that there is ofcourse some opportunity to get goat-milk but we ignore that to have some flexibility. It is known that each kg of edible beef (with bones) requires atleast 12 and usually 16 kg hay to be produced and each kg of edible mutton requires 10 kg hay usually. So 120 kg hay results in 12 kg mutton. I take that as 12.5 kg mutton to get the daily figure of 31.25 grams.

While we are on this it is suitable to calculate the other crops needed per capita which are not included in food items. They are tea/coffee and cotton. Tea/coffee is considered a non-food item because it contains no calories at all. The world per person average of cotton consumption in year 2000 was 3.125 kg per year. Ofcourse non-cotton clothes items are also consumed by people included silk etc but for the purpose of this calculation we ignore all those and assume that only cotton is consumed, because we are ignoring all other clothes items we double the per capita cotton consumption estimate to 6.25 kg. In other words, it can be said that cotton is consumed as usual and an equal amount of other clothes items are also consumed. Per capita tea/coffee consumption figure is taken as 12.5 kg per year which is closed to reality.


Item Kgs/Day Yield Land

Cotton 6.25 250 100
Tea 12.50 500 100


So in addition of the 2000 sq m land needed per person shown in chart above, a 1600 sq m pasture and 100 sq m tea farm and 100 sq m cotton farm is also needed, this brings the figure to 3900 sq m. To be one acre a 100 sq m is still lacking which I leave to readers to fill in an item of their choice. It could for example be grain farm to support chicken which should result in 12.5 kg chicken meat or a pond of fresh water fish which should result in 12.5 kg fish meat or dry fruits farm which should result in 12.5 kg dry fruits.

In short, to support one person, we need on average, 1 acre of arable land, that is of category 1k meaning it either has 10 inches rain or 1 acre-ft canal water or a combination of them providing 800 cubic meter water to crops.

I stress that this is the natural arable land need per person. We can see from history that in case of subcontinent (land comprising today's india, pakistan, bangladesh, afghanistan, burma and nepal) in mughal era (1526-1739), that is, when the entire land was ruled by mughals, a population of 100 million was supported by 400 million arable acres. This give us the figure of 4 arable acres per person, how was it? Well, since by large due to absence of refrigeration a large amount of food cannot be stored so 2 arable acres were kept per person in a village, that was the norm. 2 acres so that if crop fails and half crop is grown then too the village population could be supported, usually in case of crop failure over a wide area of land the yield falls to half, not to quarter or zero. It is not to deny that locally that is in a village almost no crop is grown but due to presence of trade the risk is shared over a district so as a whole half crop is failed and half is saved. It can be seen in another way too that for example grain crops failed but the fruits and vegetables and animal products were still there. So, 2 arable acres per person in a village. In case of usual crop, twice-than-village-need crop is grown which is exported to cities. The other 2 arable acres were left for wild life, in form of forests, natural pastures, un-touched lakes etc.

21 June, 2009

The World's Expected Carrying Capacity in a Post Industrial Agrarian Society

Note: This is my post published here at The Oil Drum


As peak oil approaches, shortly followed by peak gas and eventually peak energy, we have to retreat to agriculture as the prime energy producer in society. Post-peak agriculture will be radically different to modern agriculture. Today’s agriculture is more an energy consumer than an energy producer. In developed countries it takes ten calories worth of energy from fossil fuels put into a farm in the form of fertilizers, pesticides and transportation fuel, to get one calorie back in the form of food (see also here and here).




Happy children fetching water

Some of this input can be reduced by localization, which cuts considerable expenses in the form of transportation fuel, but other expenses like fertilizers and pesticides can’t be reduced without having a considerable reduction in food production. A detailed look on the situation, how we got here and an account of agricultural productivity before industralization is therefore necessary.

Up untill 1950 the World's agriculture was mostly run on organic lines with no artificial chemicals put into the soil. After the Second World War efforts were made to dump the large amount of chemicals made for military purposes into farm chemicals. In the 1960s, with the advent of the green revolution world agriculture slowly transitioned to an artificial fertilizer base. As a result, food production increased 2.5 times on average. This increase in productivity comes from higher nitrogen absorption, selective cropping and high grain-mass to plant-mass ratio.

Higher nitrogen absorption means more water use. This was supported with intensive dams construction along with canal systems to have enough water in winters to have two crops per year.

Higher grain-mass to plant-mass ratios mean less crop residue available for animals as a larger part of the plant is now eaten by people.

Selective cropping

Selective cropping means only high-yield varieties are grown. This reduces resistance against pests as miles and miles of the same crop variety is an easy target for pests. To compensate, a lot of pesticides are used. It also means reduction in crop-diversity. For example in China in 1949 about 10,000 varieties of rice were grown, in 1970 it reduced to 1000, in 2002 that further reduced to 300. The 14 leading varieties occupy more than 40% of chinese wheat fields now. India had 30,000 different types of wheat, now 90% of the wheat acreage is covered by 10 different but highly productive varieties (“Saving Crop Diversity Key to Winning War On Hunger”, Reuters, 7/3/01). Out of 700 crop species that have been domesticated by humans, only 30 species now provide 90% of the global food intake. (FAO, “The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resource for Food and Agriculture”, Rome, 1997, p 14).

As in all systems, efficiency was gained at the cost of resilience, as low productive but more shock-absorbing components were taken out of the system.

World’s average wheat production used to be 400 kg per acre per year in 1950. By the 1970s this was boosted up to 2000 kg per acre per year in South Asia and 4000 kg per acre per year in Europe and the USA. That is one of the reasons the world was able to compensate for rapid increase in population. In 1950 world population was about 3 billion, it is more than double now, but world's agricultural land area is about the same. Also, the world's diet shifted from a mostly vegetarian diet to a more meat based diet. Now, there is no more increase in agricultural productivity that the green revolution can provide and the World population is still increasing. Not much unused agrarian land is available. As a result per capita agriculture production is starting to decline.

Energy needs and a balanced diet

The basic need of humans is food. We need food to have energy to perform vital body functions, to reproduce, to work and to have fun. The unit of energy used by dietitians is the Calorie (or kilocalorie), that is, 4200 joules of energy, enough to raise the temperature of one kg of water by one degree celsius.

The energy need of a typical adult is 2500 Calories per day. Children and elderly need less than that. That brings the average to 2000 Calories per day for all. The calculation can be done here.

The caloric values must come 55% - 60% from carbohydrates, 12% - 15% from proteins and 33% - 25% fats. The variation based on climate, culture and personal preferences. For our calculation we take the most recommended 60% from carbohydrates, 12% from protein and 28% from fats. It must be kept in mind that this is an attempt to summarize highly complex and variable data into a meaningful format. There are hundreds if not thousands of food items available for human use, which particular item one uses depends a lot on one’s religion, culture, climate, personal preference etc. Food productivity differs a lot on the basis of geographical location.

A scheme of balanced daily diet (link to Excel file):


Kgs / year
Grains & Cereals100
Milk100
Fruits100
Vegetables25
Meat (goat, horses, sheep)25
Oil12.5
Sugar12.5
Dry Fruits / Eggs12.5
Spices 12.5


Average worldwide food output kg per acre per year before green revolution:


kg per acre per year
Grains & Cereals400
Fruits & Vegetables800
Milk200
Meat (goat, camel, horse)50
Meat (fish, chicken)100
Oil200
Sugar200
Dry Fruits / Eggs200
Spices 200


Land needed per person in sq meteres:


sq meteres per person
Grains & Cereals1000
Fruits & Vegetables500
Oil250
Sugar250
Dry Fruits / Eggs250
Spices250
Pasture1000
Cotton, tea, coffee, wool etc.500


Notes:

4000 sq metres = 0.4 hectares. 1 hectare = 2.47 acres. Therefore, land required per person is roughly 1 acre.

• It is estimated that egg production in kg would be at least twice than chicken meat per acre. That is because of the savings in energy when eggs are directly used in diet that would otherwise be used by the chicken in its life time, after it hatches out of the egg, grows up and gains weight up to age of a few weeks before being finally slaughtered.

• Land needed for vegetables is so little (25/ 800 * 4000 = 125 sq meter) that a side crop along with grains/cereals can be grown for that. That’s the traditional Chinese method of having a crop of vegetables along with rice. A nitrogen-fixing crop is needed anyways as a side crop on land where grains/cereals are grown to maintain soil fertility.

• A quarter acre dedicated to pasture grows 200 kg of fodder per year. The total fodder requirement for milk and meat is 400 kg. It is because 2 kg of fodder is needed to have 1 kg of milk and 8 kg of fodder is needed to have 1 kg of goat/camel/horse meat. The other 200 kg of fodder comes from crop-residue, leaves etc from grain/cereals, fruits and vegetables. 100 kg of grains/cereals leave 160 kg fodder, 100 kg fruits leave 200 kg fodder, 50 kg of miscellaneous (oil, sugar, spices and dry fruits) leaves 80 kg of fodder. Assuming it would have half of the caloric values left when finally consumed by animals that is equivalent of 200 kg of fodder.

A simplified division of land is as follows:

Farm (for grains/cereals)Quarter acre per person
Pasture (for growing fodder)Quarter acre per person
Orchard (for growing fruits)Half-Quarter acre per person
Farm (for tea, cotton, wool)Half-Quarter acre per person
Oil (for veg oil)Quarter-Quarter acre per person
Sugar (honey or sugarcane)Quarter-Quarter acre per person
Dry fruitsQuarter-Quarter acre per person
SpicesQuarter-Quarter acre per person


Water

Water is another important factor in farm productivity. A land rich in organic material and minerals is of no use without a supply of water. The primary source of water is rain falling directly on land. Secondary sources like canals are also used to increase productivity. Finally tertiary sources like wells and tube wells are used which to some degree recycles the water already used at the farm.

A 10 inch rain fall on one acre means 1000 tons of water. For a summer crop, at least in my part of world 80% of rain falls during the monsoon, right when the crop needs it. So 800 cubic meters of water directly from rain is enough (same Excel file as before) to grow the food per person per acre using these water requirements (see also here), assuming 20% loss of water at the farm due to evaporation and soil absorption before being used by plants. The calculation includes water needed for world average use of 3.5 kg cotton, 1.1 kg coffee and 0.5 kg tea per capita per year.

If canals are used an additional 800 meter cube of water (one acre ft with 33% loss between dam and farm because of soil absorption, evaporation etc) is available per acre to support two people per acre.




Carrying capacity

Lets try to estimate the World’s carrying capacity based on the above mentioned diet. The world land area is 150 million sq km that means about 37.5 billion acres. 10 percent of it can be used to grow grains. 10 percent as pasture land and another 20 percent as forests to raise animals on. Altogether 15 billion acres are useful for food production.

Those 15 billion acres can be used to grow food for total 15 billion people sustainably provided:

1) There are no other species than humans.
2) Human population is distributed in such a way that more people live where there is more arable land.

Out of 4 million species of plants and animals today, we are just one specie. There are many species of animals, birds, insects that we need for our survival. For example, some of them eat others to keep their numbers in check. Some like honey bees are needed for pollination without which food production would be very low etc.

Human population is not distributed on the basis of where arable land is. In Australia and Canada 20 million people live in 9 million sq km, about 2.5 people per sq km. In the Indian sub-continent at least 1.2 billion people live in just 4 million sq km, 300 people per sq km. So, at some places there is much less arable land available per person and vice versa in other places.

Today, out of total food production of this planet, humans consume 40%. That confirms that total life support on the planet is 15 billion people (or other animal, insect, bird species of same mass).

Assuming that we can sustainably use 40% of world's food production for our use leaving the rest for all other species, we can have food for 6 billion people on this planet if our population is distributed evenly. Since it is not, long term human population support on this planet ranges from 2 billion to 4 billion. Taking the average 3 billion, this is roughly the population of the world at the end of the second world war.

How to increase productivity

If crop-residue can be saved in a better way, so that most of its caloric values are retained, the need of pasture would be eliminated, saving a quarter of acre. Also, in a culture that use more rice than wheat more land can be saved as rice productivity is typically thrice that of wheat, without destroying the soil. Both of these together can reduce per capita land requirement to half an acre.

If two crops can be grown instead of one, by using excess water from canals and underground, productivity can be doubled.

In more fertile lands with crop output double than world’s pre-industrial average, half the land would be needed per capita. Looking at the large picture, the increase in productivity in more fertile land is mirrored by decrease in productivity in less fertile land. “The magic of big numbers”. So this is not a large scale solution.

In short per capita land requirement can fluctuate between 4 acres in feudal ages of middle Europe (where half the land was kept fallow and on other half output was half that of world’s average) to a quarter acre in a rice-eating vegetarian culture. For the world as a whole, it’s safe to assume the average to be 1 acre.

Conclusion

In the detailed discussion above we found out that long-term, average-diet, pre-industrial, per capita arable land requirement is 1 acre. We also found that using 40% of all food produced in the world (currently consumed by 4 million species of plants and animals) that 6 billion people can be supported on Earth. Since human population is not distributed on basis of availability of arable land, in reality only 2 billion to 4 billion people can be supported. An educated guess is 3 billion, the population of humanity after the Second World War and before the green revolution.

What will happen to the surplus population is a matter of mere speculation. Since fossil fuels will not decline in one day one can expect a gradual decline in population either right after peak energy or over a period of time.

How the population declines is also a matter of mere speculation. In a poorer world higher birth rates may be expected, as is observed in developing countries vs developed countries. So, the decline is more likely to come from reduction in health care with a reduction in life expectancy and an increase in infant mortality.